Nanomaterial’s Applications in Cancer Therapy

Drug targeting strategies through the nanostructured systems are seen to be most promising with added advantages such as improved cell permeability and retention effect of heterocyclic therapeutics for better biocompatibility. Hence, it is possible to achieve specific drug targeting with negligible side effects. 

The technology and reasoning behind drug design are closely interrelated to the pre mediated inclusion of heterocyclic fragments with explicit physicochemical characteristics. Effectiveness and discernment through bio isosteric substitutions, lipophilicity, polarity, and aqueous solubility can eventually be modified to the point of changing and conditioning the possible mechanisms of action of heterocyclic drugs in an effort to attain molecularly targeted therapeutic agents. Regardless of their flexibility and effectiveness, as for any other therapeutics, there are many issues obstructing broader application and auxiliary expansion of such compounds into market drugs.

Development of Innovative Medicines for European Patients and Impact of Brexit

During the past 10 years the centralized procedure has become the preferred and de facto only way to a European marketing authorization for innovative medicines. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) has been working on several initiatives for updating and improving the content and procedures of their scientific assessments. The historic decision of the United Kingdom (UK) to leave the European Union (EU) is expected to precipitate profound political, economic and legal changes, which must be expected to include the regulation of medicines. Brexit-induced changes in EMA’s regulatory procedures are not expected before negotiations between the UK and the EU are finalized (i.e., not before 2019). In light of the usual long time frame for the development of an innovative medicine, the proactive adaptation of the development strategy in advance of the expected changes of European regulators’ and possibly Health Technology Assessment (HTA)-bodies’ procedures may be helpful.

Cooperation between the EMA and national HTA-bodies has been intensified based on the common goal to foster an early and broad access of EU patients to innovative medicines. The UK’s Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) have been important contributors.

Controversial in Menopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy

The menopause is a period of decline in women’s life because of stopped ovarian function to secrete estrogens hormones with multiple benefic effects and protective for a woman such as: the protection for atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease and acute heart attack. In this period of menopause installation, the risk of acute myocardial infarction become equal with the man’s or more or it can become increase comparative with the mans. Also the risk of osteoporosis and fractures at minor traumas is increased in correlation with many other important symptoms like: irritability, nervosas, insomnia, psychoemotional instability, flashes, symptoms which can develop a real discomfort in daily activities.

The arterial hypertension is possible to appear at a woman’s previous health, during the period of menopause. Not in the last, the capacity of procreation of a woman is in the end because of missing ovulation. Take into account all these majors inconvenient, the research activity was orientated for found a solution to delay as much as possible the period of installation of menopause.

Treatment of Hepatitis C with First Generation Protease Inhibitors

The treatment of hepatitis C has advanced considerably in recent decades. The discovery of Protease Inhibitors (PIs), the first Direct Acting Antivirals (DAAs), was promising as these drugs were able to dramatically decrease the Viral Load (VL). In 2011, the first generation of DAAs, Telaprevir (TVR) and Boceprevir (BOC), was released for use against infection with Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) genotype 1, and triple therapy was subsequently considered the standard therapy. In Brazil, the Ministry of Health began to provide these drugs in 2012 for patients with advanced fibrosis (F3 and F4) and/or for patients not responding to previous treatment.

The proposed treatment includes the elimination of the virus and a decrease in the progression of liver disease. The inclusion of PIs in association with Pegylated Interferon (PEG-IFN) and Ribavirin (RBV) increased the Sustained Virologic Response (SVR) rate, defined as the absence of detectable viral RNA in serum 3–6 months after the end of therapy; SVR is the best indicator of effective treatment.

Fetal Alcohol Exposure: The Common Toll

For thousands of years, alcohol has played a major part of human life. Since ancient times, various civilizations have used alcohol for leisure, trade, and religious rites. With the passage of time, multiple civilizations dwindled and vanished, whereas the use of alcohol only grew. In the present time, it is believed that as much as 40% of the world’s adult population consumes alcohol, with an average yearly alcohol consumption of 17.1 L per drinker. Furthermore, it appears that the number of women, in particular, who consume alcohol, has been increasing, whereby it is estimated that 50% of women of child bearing age in the US consume alcohol in various degrees. For nonpregnant women, physicians and many researchers define light drinking as 1.2 drinks per day, moderate drinking as 2.2 drinks per day and heavy drinking as 3.5 or more drinks per day. 

Moreover, 40% of the 4 million annual pregnancies in the US drink alcohol, and among them 3-5% drink heavily. It wasn’t until 1968 and 1973 that the first descriptions of a fetal syndrome linked to maternal alcohol abuse during pregnancy appeared in modern medical literature. The current medical term for this syndrome is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). It includes findings such as midfacial hypoplasia, thin upper lip, widely spaced small eyes, long smooth philtrum and inner epicanthal folds. Other findings include growth restriction as well as various neurodevelopmental abnormalities. The incidence of FAS is estimated to vary between 0.5 and 3/1000 live births in the USA and Canada.

Reducing Cardiac Fibrosis: Na/K-ATPase Signaling Complex as a Novel Target

Cardiac fibrosis is a significant health issue and a common pathological process in cardiac disease that eventually leads to heart failure. Both experimental and clinical data have shown that formation of fibrotic scar tissue increases cardiac stiffness, whereas regression of fibrosis improves cardiac function. Several categories of drugs have been developed to treat cardiac fibrosis and cardiac failure in clinics. However, there remains a major gap in elucidating the mechanisms of cardiac fibrosis and its association with heart failure, which is still the leading cause of deaths in the United States. 

Therefore, the discovery of novel molecular targets is essential for improving patient outcomes. The Na/K-ATPase is an important transmembrane protein and is critical for maintaining ion homeostasis across the cell membrane. In the past 20 years, studies have revealed that the Na/K-ATPase can also complex with neighboring proteins and function as a signaling transducer that regulates a variety of signaling events such as the activation of Src kinase and NF?B, and the generation of reactive oxygen species

Identifying Molecular Chaperones as Therapeutic Targets for Cancer: A Mini Review

According to combined NCI, ACS and CDC report for 2016, in US alone, 1.7 million new cancer cases and 0.6 million fatalities due to cancer have been projected. Over past fifty years tremendous progress has been made in treatment regimen challenging the concept of cancer being incurable. Due to the advances in chemo and radiation therapy, diagnosis of cancer is notalways thought of as a death sentence. The 5-year survival rate has shown an upward trend during this time (standing at 19% in 2012). But cancer has proven complex, increasingly resistant and highly prone to relapse. 

For the sake of comparison, unlike AIDS, cancer doesn’t have a singular viral origin and unlike Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s it is not restricted to biochemical manipulation through one protein in one organ only. By no means do we want to infer thatother diseases are any less complex but cancer is quite heterogeneous at themolecular and cellular levels. Further, diversity in terms of causes, types, organs affected, severity, and metastases has made it very difficult to combat this disease (system). Therefore, an immediate need of drug development is imperative that in turn requires extensive elucidation of the intricate mechanisms of cancer progression. The unraveled targets thus could be used for efficient anti-cancer drug design.

Importance of Research for Africa in Uninterrupted Mutation

Since the creation, research is a pillar of the Development. It is by searching that primitive men discover fire, the rudimentary techniques of agriculture, hunting, construction, and clothing. Thesearch from middle ages to age of metals revolutionized the world. Today, each area of development is has remarkable progress. For example, in the conquest of space, men walk on the moon, in the civil and military aeronautics there are high-performance airplanes, in medicine, it is now possible to transplant organs and mechanization has increased agricultural yield. As economy and technology progress, we are increasingly dependent on each other. But Africans in sub-Saharan Africa are largely dependent on the developed world. 

Biodiversity supplies the essential of medicinal resources that include various plants, animals such as insects and mammals. This is an excellent support for drug discovery. Appropriate methodologies that have been developed for plant studies (medicinal plants, food plants, cosmetic plants and wild plants) support development in inter tropical countries. The modernization of agriculture andcattle farming would also strengthen Africa's development. But the effects of global warming and drought are unfavorable to such modernization. Arid regions are more concerned about this situation. Thus, in these areas, food requirements are constantly difficult to supply.

Inappropriate Use of Antimicrobials and the Determinants among Patients Hospitalized in 3 Hospitals (Mizan, Bonga and Tepi) in Southwest Ethiopia

Although many of infectious diseases can be prevented with improved personal hygiene, immunization and environmental sanitation, antimicrobials are still the main therapy for many of them. World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 80% ofantibiotics is used in the community, of which about 20-50% is used inappropriately. As a result, WHO recommended involvement of the community in tackling of antibiotic resistance through improving access to medical services, reducing unnecessary use of antibiotics, taking a full course of treatment, not sharing medications with other people, and not keeping part of the course for another occasion.

 

 

Without effective antimicrobial, diverse fields of medicine will be severely hampered, including surgery, the care of premature infants, cancer chemotherapy, care ofthe critically ill and transplantation medicine. Inappropriate use of antimicrobials leads to produce drug resistance which is one of the major issues.